---
title: "Property Class 8.8 Steel One-Way Security Screws"
description: "Property Class 8.8 Steel One-Way Security Screws (ISO 898-1 property class 8.8): requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection."
url: https://engineeringhardware.com/guide/material/grade-8-8-steel-one-way-security-screws/
source: Engineering Hardware & Fasteners
---

# Property Class 8.8 Steel One-Way Security Screws

Screws · Trade series (one-way clutch head)

Mechanical properties, corrosion behaviour and the full dimensional range for this grade.

Property Class 8.8 Steel One-Way Security Screws are supplied to ISO 898-1 property class 8.8. Corrosion behaviour is requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection, the material is magnetic, and the usable service range is commonly limited to approx. +300 °C; confirm against the coating and the load. In practice this grade is the workhorse medium-carbon alloy class for structural joints.

- **Grade:** ISO 898-1 property class 8.8
- **Corrosion resistance:** Requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection
- **Magnetic response:** Magnetic
- **Service temperature:** commonly limited to approx. +300 °C; confirm against the coating and the load

Property values are typical for the grade. Certified mechanical test data is available on request for production orders.

![Property Class 8.8 Steel One-Way Security Screws reference image](https://engineeringhardware.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/Security-Screws.webp)

Property Class 8.8 Steel (ISO 898-1 property class 8.8) is the workhorse medium-carbon alloy class for structural joints. Specified on one-way security screws it determines the corrosion behaviour (requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection) and the service temperature range (commonly limited to approx. +300 °C; confirm against the coating and the load); the dimensions are ours rather than a standard's, and are listed in full below.

## Why Choose Property Class 8.8 Steel for One-Way Security Screws

The workhorse medium-carbon alloy class for structural joints. For one-way security screws, this matters when requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection is the primary requirement.

## Mechanical & Physical Properties

| Grade designation | ISO 898-1 property class 8.8 |
| --- | --- |
| Magnetic response | Magnetic |
| Service temperature | commonly limited to approx. +300 °C; confirm against the coating and the load |
| Corrosion characteristic | Requires plating (zinc) for corrosion protection |

## Corrosion Behavior in Service

Carbon and alloy steel one-way security screws require a coating for corrosion protection. Zinc plating (with or without passivation) is the most common; hot-dip galvanizing is used for outdoor structural service; black-oxide is mainly a tarnish-prevention finish for tool-room use.

## Galvanic & Galling Considerations

For one-way security screws in steel, the dominant compatibility issue is hydrogen embrittlement at high property classes (10.9 and above) when electroplated. Plating must be followed by an appropriate baking treatment, or a non-electroplated finish (mechanical zinc, zinc flake) should be substituted.

## Sizes of One-Way Security Screws Available in Property Class 8.8 Steel

| Thread size | Pitch (mm) | Head diameter dk (mm) | Head height k (mm) | Head form | Common length range (mm) | Material | Removable |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M3.5 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 2.4 | Pan | 10~40 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M4 | 0.7 | 8.0 | 2.8 | Pan | 10~50 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M5 | 0.8 | 9.5 | 3.2 | Pan | 12~60 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M6 | 1.0 | 12.0 | 3.8 | Pan | 16~60 | Steel zinc | No — permanent |
| M8 | 1.25 | 16.0 | 4.6 | Pan | 20~60 | Steel zinc | No — permanent |

Dimensions are independent of the material: every size above is available in Property Class 8.8 Steel.

Custom manufacturing · Made to drawing

## Need this screw in a grade that is not listed?

Grade 8 8 Steel is one of the grades the catalog describes. Where the standard stops, the drawing takes over: fine pitches, left-hand threads, partial threading, and property classes above the catalogued grade where material and heat treatment allow. Made by cold heading or warm forging.

Minimum order from 2,000 pieces; samples within 7 days of drawing approval.

[Custom screw manufacturing](https://engineeringhardware.com/custom/screws/)[Send a drawing](https://engineeringhardware.com/custom/screws/#rfq)

## Technical Drawing

Dimensioned line drawing of M3.5 One-Way Security Screws to Trade series (one-way clutch head). Side view and top view, drawn to the dimensions in the table below and redrawn for any size selected.

- **Pitch (mm):** 0.6
- **Head diameter dk (mm):** 7.0
- **Head height k (mm):** 2.4
- **Head form:** Pan
- **Common length range (mm):** 10~40
- **Material:** Steel zinc / A2
- **Removable:** No — permanent

## Dimensions & Specifications (Trade series (one-way clutch head))

| Thread size | Pitch (mm) | Head diameter dk (mm) | Head height k (mm) | Head form | Common length range (mm) | Material | Removable |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M3.5 | 0.6 | 7.0 | 2.4 | Pan | 10~40 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M4 | 0.7 | 8.0 | 2.8 | Pan | 10~50 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M5 | 0.8 | 9.5 | 3.2 | Pan | 12~60 | Steel zinc / A2 | No — permanent |
| M6 | 1.0 | 12.0 | 3.8 | Pan | 16~60 | Steel zinc | No — permanent |
| M8 | 1.25 | 16.0 | 4.6 | Pan | 20~60 | Steel zinc | No — permanent |

Product catalog

## Related Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws products

[![Stainless Steel Flat Head Security Screw with Pin Torx Drive, ISO14581 Standard](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/Stainless-Steel-Flat-Head-Security-Screw-with-Pin-Torx-Drive-ISO14581-Standard.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/stainless-steel-flat-head-security-screw-with-pin-torx-drive-iso14581-standard/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [Stainless Steel Flat Head Security Screw with Pin Torx Drive, ISO14581 Standard](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/stainless-steel-flat-head-security-screw-with-pin-torx-drive-iso14581-standard/)

Stainless Steel · ISO

**US$0.012**MOQ 100,000 pieces

[![SRS G001 ISO9001 Approved Customized 18/415 White Black Child Proof Tamper Screw CRC Cap for essential oil glass](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/SRS-G001-ISO9001-Approved-Customized-18-415-White-Black-Child-Proof-Tamper-Screw-CRC-Cap-for-essential-oil-glass.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/srs-g001-iso9001-approved-customized-18-415-white-black-child-proof-tamper-screw-crc/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [SRS G001 ISO9001 Approved Customized 18/415 White Black Child Proof Tamper Screw CRC Cap for essential oil glass](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/srs-g001-iso9001-approved-customized-18-415-white-black-child-proof-tamper-screw-crc/)

Screw Cap · Aluminum-Plastic

**US$0.036 – 0.06**MOQ 50,000 pieces

[![Stainless Steel 304/316 Torx with Pin Button Cheese Pan Flat Head Machine Security Anti Theft Machine Screw for M4X12](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/Stainless-Steel-304-316-Torx-with-Pin-Button-Cheese-Pan-Flat-Head-Machine-Security-Anti-Theft-Machine-Screw-for-M4X12.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/stainless-steel-304-316-torx-with-pin-button-cheese-pan-flat-head-machine-security/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [Stainless Steel 304/316 Torx with Pin Button Cheese Pan Flat Head Machine Security Anti Theft Machine Screw for M4X12](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/stainless-steel-304-316-torx-with-pin-button-cheese-pan-flat-head-machine-security/)

Machine Screw · DIN, GB, ANSI, BSW, ISO7380

**US$0.0384 – 0.19**MOQ 50,000 pieces

[![GB/DIN/JIS/Ans SS304 ISO14580 Anti-Theft Machine Screws Wit Cup Head – Phillips Drive for Enhanced Security](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/GB-DIN-JIS-Ans-SS304-ISO14580-Anti-Theft-Machine-Screws-Wit-Cup-Head-Phillips-Drive-for-Enhanced-Security.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/gb-din-jis-ans-ss304-iso14580-anti-theft-machine-screws-wit-cup-head-phillips-drive/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [GB/DIN/JIS/Ans SS304 ISO14580 Anti-Theft Machine Screws Wit Cup Head – Phillips Drive for Enhanced Security](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/gb-din-jis-ans-ss304-iso14580-anti-theft-machine-screws-wit-cup-head-phillips-drive/)

Round Head · DIN, GB, ANSI, JIS

**US$0.0168 – 0.0336**MOQ 5,000 pieces

[![Hardware Lobe High Security Torx Screws Anti-Theft Torx Drive Stainless Steel Machine Screw](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/Hardware-Lobe-High-Security-Torx-Screws-Anti-Theft-Torx-Drive-Stainless-Steel-Machine-Screw.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/hardware-lobe-high-security-torx-screws-anti-theft-torx-drive-stainless-steel/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [Hardware Lobe High Security Torx Screws Anti-Theft Torx Drive Stainless Steel Machine Screw](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/hardware-lobe-high-security-torx-screws-anti-theft-torx-drive-stainless-steel/)

Round Head · DIN, GB, ANSI, BSW, JIS, GOST

**US$0.012 – 0.12**MOQ 1,000 pieces

[![ISO 7380 Head Button Head Socket Security Screw](https://img.engineeringhardware.com/ISO-7380-Head-Button-Head-Socket-Security-Screw.webp)](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/iso-7380-head-button-head-socket-security-screw/)

Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws

### [ISO 7380 Head Button Head Socket Security Screw](https://engineeringhardware.com/product/iso-7380-head-button-head-socket-security-screw/)

Round Head · DIN, GB, ANSI, BSW, JIS, GOST

**US$0.24 – 0.36**MOQ 1,000 pieces

[View all Security & Tamper-Resistant Screws →](https://engineeringhardware.com/fastener-products/screws/security-tamper-resistant-screws/) [Full product catalog](https://engineeringhardware.com/products/)

## Materials & Grades

Select a material class to see the grades we supply it in. Each designation is listed with its ISO/EN, AISI/SAE, JIS and GB equivalents.

Stainless Steel38 Carbon Steel66 Alloy Steel41 Bearing Steel5 Spring Steel25 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys21 Brass17 Bronze11 Copper8 Titanium and Titanium Alloys18 Nickel and Nickel Alloys22 Iron-Nickel and High-Temperature Alloys10 Tool Steel and Specialty Hardened Steel9 Structural and Construction Steel9

### Stainless Steel

#### Austenitic Stainless Steel

- A1 AISI 303 · SAE 303 · SUS303 · EN 1.4305 · X8CrNiS18-9
- A2 AISI 304 · SAE 304 · SUS304 · EN 1.4301 · X5CrNi18-10 · 06Cr19Ni10
- 304L AISI 304L · SUS304L · EN 1.4307 · X2CrNi18-9 · 022Cr19Ni10
- 302 AISI 302 · SUS302 · EN 1.4310
- 305 AISI 305 · SUS305 · EN 1.4303
- A4 AISI 316 · SAE 316 · SUS316 · EN 1.4401 · X5CrNiMo17-12-2 · 06Cr17Ni12Mo2
- 316L AISI 316L · SUS316L · EN 1.4404 · X2CrNiMo17-12-2 · 022Cr17Ni12Mo2
- 321 AISI 321 · SUS321 · EN 1.4541 · X6CrNiTi18-10
- 310 / 310S AISI 310 · AISI 310S · SUS310S · EN 1.4845
- 302HQ AISI 302HQ
- A3
- A5
- 347 AISI 347 · SUS347 · EN 1.4550 · X6CrNiNb18-10
- 309 / 309S AISI 309 · AISI 309S · SUS309S

#### Martensitic Stainless Steel

- AISI 410 SUS410 · EN 1.4006 · X12Cr13 · 12Cr13
- AISI 420 SUS420J1 · SUS420J2 · EN 1.4021 · EN 1.4028 · 20Cr13 · 30Cr13
- AISI 431 SUS431 · EN 1.4057 · X17CrNi16-2
- C1
- C3
- C4
- AISI 440A
- AISI 440B
- AISI 440C SUS440C · EN 1.4125

#### Ferritic Stainless Steel

- AISI 430 SUS430 · EN 1.4016 · X6Cr17 · 10Cr17
- F1
- AISI 434
- AISI 444

#### Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Steel

- 17-4 PH AISI 630 · UNS S17400 · SUS630 · EN 1.4542 · X5CrNiCuNb16-4
- 15-5 PH UNS S15500
- 17-7 PH UNS S17700

#### Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel

- Duplex 2205 UNS S31803 · UNS S32205 · EN 1.4462
- Super Duplex 2507 UNS S32750 · EN 1.4410
- D2
- D4
- D6
- D8
- Lean Duplex 2101 UNS S32101
- Super Duplex S32760 UNS S32760 · EN 1.4501

### Carbon Steel

#### Low-Carbon Steel

- SAE 1006
- SAE 1008
- SAE 1010
- SAE 1018
- SAE 1020
- Q195
- Q235
- SAE 1012
- SAE 1015
- Q215
- ML08
- ML08Al
- ML10
- ML15
- ML20
- SWRCH6A
- SWRCH8A
- SWRCH10A
- SWRCH12A
- SWRCH15A
- SWRCH18A

#### Medium-Carbon Steel

- SAE 1035
- SAE 1045
- S45C
- C45
- SAE 1030
- SAE 1040
- SAE 1050
- 30
- 35
- 40
- 45
- 50
- S35C
- S40C
- S50C
- C35
- C40

#### High-Carbon Steel

- SAE 1060
- SAE 1070
- 65Mn
- SAE 1065
- SAE 1075
- SAE 1080
- SAE 1085
- SAE 1090
- SAE 1095
- 60
- 65
- 70
- 75
- 80
- 85

#### Cold-Heading Steel

- SWRCH22A
- 10B21
- SWRCH22K
- SWRCH25K
- SWRCH30K
- SWRCH35K
- SWRCH40K
- ML20Mn
- ML25
- ML30
- ML35
- ML40
- 15B25

### Alloy Steel

#### Chromium Steel

- 40Cr
- 45Cr
- AISI 5140
- SAE 5140
- AISI 5120
- SAE 5120
- SCr420
- SCr440

#### Chromium-Molybdenum Steel

- 35CrMo
- 42CrMo
- AISI 4140
- SCM435
- SCM440
- 42CrMo4
- 30CrMo
- AISI 4130
- SAE 4130
- SAE 4140
- AISI 4142
- AISI 4145
- SCM415
- SCM420
- SCM445
- EN 1.7220
- EN 1.7225
- 25CrMo4
- 34CrMo4

#### Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel

- AISI 4340
- SAE 4340
- 40CrNiMo
- SNCM439
- EN 1.6511
- 36CrNiMo4

#### Boron Alloy Steel

- 10B22
- 10B21
- 15B21
- 15B25
- 20MnTiB
- 20Mn2B
- 35VB
- 40MnB

### Bearing Steel

#### Bearing Steel

- GCr15
- AISI 52100 SAE 52100 · UNS G52986
- SUJ2
- 100Cr6 EN 1.3505
- GCr15SiMn

### Spring Steel

#### Carbon Spring Steel

- SAE 1065
- SAE 1070
- SAE 1075
- SAE 1080
- SAE 1095
- 65
- 70
- 75
- 80
- 65Mn

#### Silicon-Manganese Spring Steel

- 60Si2Mn
- 60Si2MnA
- SUP6
- SUP7

#### Chromium-Vanadium Spring Steel

- 50CrVA
- SAE 6150
- AISI 6150
- SUP10

#### Stainless Spring Steel

- AISI 301
- SUS301
- EN 1.4310
- AISI 302
- AISI 304
- AISI 316
- 17-7 PH

### Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

#### Commercially Pure Aluminum

- 1050
- 1060
- 1070
- 1100

#### 2xxx Series Aluminum

- 2024
- 2011
- 2014
- 2017

#### 5xxx Series Aluminum

- 5052
- 5083
- 5754

#### 6xxx Series Aluminum

- 6061
- 6061-T6
- 6063
- 6082
- 6082-T6

#### 7xxx Series Aluminum

- 7075
- 7075-T6
- 7005
- 7050
- 7075-T73

### Brass

#### Free-Cutting Brass

- C36000
- H62
- HPb59-1
- C3601
- C3602
- C3604
- CuZn36Pb3
- CuZn39Pb3
- EN CW614N
- EN CW617N
- H65

#### Lead-Free Brass

- C69300
- C27450
- CW510L
- CW511L

#### Naval Brass

- C46400
- CuZn39Sn1

### Bronze

#### Silicon Bronze

- C65500
- C65100
- C65600

#### Phosphor Bronze

- C51000
- C52100
- CuSn6
- CuSn8

#### Aluminum Bronze

- C95400
- C95500
- C63000
- CuAl10Ni5Fe4

### Copper

#### Copper

- C11000
- T2
- C10100
- C10200
- C12200
- T1
- TU1
- TU2

### Titanium and Titanium Alloys

#### Commercially Pure Titanium

- Grade 2
- Grade 1
- Grade 3
- Grade 4
- TA1
- TA2
- TA3

#### Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys

- Grade 5
- Ti-6Al-4V
- TC4
- UNS R56400

#### Low-Interstitial Grade

- Grade 23
- Ti-6Al-4V ELI
- UNS R56407

#### Other Titanium Fastener Alloys

- Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn
- Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo
- Beta-C titanium
- Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al

### Nickel and Nickel Alloys

#### Commercially Pure Nickel

- Nickel 200
- UNS N02200
- Nickel 201
- UNS N02201

#### Inconel Alloys

- Inconel 625 UNS N06625
- Inconel 718 UNS N07718
- Inconel 600 UNS N06600
- Inconel 601 UNS N06601
- Inconel 686 UNS N06686
- Inconel X-750 UNS N07750

#### Monel Alloys

- Monel 400 UNS N04400
- Monel K-500 UNS N05500

#### Hastelloy Alloys

- Hastelloy C-276 UNS N10276
- Hastelloy C-22 UNS N06022
- Hastelloy B-2 UNS N10665
- Hastelloy B-3 UNS N10675
- Hastelloy X UNS N06002

#### Other Nickel Alloys

- Alloy 20 UNS N08020
- Alloy 625
- Alloy 718
- Alloy 825 UNS N08825
- Alloy 925 UNS N09925

### Iron-Nickel and High-Temperature Alloys

#### A286

- A-286
- UNS S66286
- EN 1.4980

#### Invar

- Invar 36
- Alloy 36
- UNS K93600
- FeNi36

#### Alloy 42

- Alloy 42
- UNS K94100
- FeNi42

### Tool Steel and Specialty Hardened Steel

#### Tool Steel and Specialty Hardened Steel

- AISI D2
- AISI H13
- SKD11
- Cr12MoV
- AISI O1
- AISI A2
- AISI S7
- SKD61
- 9CrSi

### Structural and Construction Steel

#### Structural and Construction Steel

- ASTM A36
- Q235B
- Q355B
- S355JR
- Q235C
- Q355C
- S235JR
- S275JR
- S355J2

## Applications & Industries

Where One-Way Security Screws are used, and what decides the specification in each case. Stocked from M3.5 to M8.

### Industries that specify One-Way Security Screws

- **Public buildings & transport:** Signage, panels and washroom fittings in unsupervised places.
- **Retail & display:** Shopfitting and equipment exposed to the public.
- **Utilities & street furniture:** Cabinets, covers and enclosures outdoors.
- **Correctional & secure facilities:** Fixings that must resist tampering with ordinary tools.
- **Steel fabrication:** Bolted connections in frames, enclosures, walkways and weldments, on the bench and on site.
- **Energy & infrastructure:** Tower, pipework, switchgear and plant fixings specified for long service life and inspectable joints.

### Typical applications

- pin-in-hex and pin-in-Torx where authorised service still needs access
- fixings meant to resist casual removal
- one-way heads where the fixing should never come out
- clamping two machined faces to a calculated preload
- bolting brackets, motors and gearboxes to a frame
- assemblies that are dismantled for service and re-torqued

### Service conditions to specify against

- **Marine and coastal:** Available in A4 (316) stainless for chloride exposure — coastal structures, pool halls, water treatment and deck hardware, where A2 will eventually pit.
- **High load:** Supplied in ISO 898-1 property classes, so the joint can be designed to a stated proof load and tightened to a calculated torque rather than by feel.
- **Torque and preload:** The joint is designed around bolt tension, so lubrication, coating and the friction coefficient all change the torque figure — state them together.

### Where to use something else

- Do not use a machine thread into unthreaded sheet or timber; use a tapping screw, rivet nut or insert made for that parent material.

[Full application guide: where One-Way Security Screws are used, how to specify them, and the cases they are wrong for](https://engineeringhardware.com/applications/one-way-security-screws/)

Inside the plant

## Manufactured in our own plant

This part is cold-formed, threaded, heat-treated and finished in-house. The stages below are where its class and finish are actually decided.

1. ![Wire rod feeding into a cold heading machine](https://engineeringhardware.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/09-wire-rod-feed-cold-heading-machine.webp) 01 **Cold heading** Wire rod is drawn to size and cold-formed into blanks. Forming rather than cutting keeps the grain flow continuous around the head, which is where a bolt is most likely to fail. Head dimensions and under-head radius checked at set-up and per shift.
2. ![Thread rolling machine producing bolt threads](https://engineeringhardware.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/03-thread-rolling-machine-bolt-production.webp) 02 **Thread rolling** Threads are rolled between hardened dies rather than cut. Rolled threads are stronger in fatigue than cut threads and hold pitch and flank angle far more consistently across a batch. Go / no-go ring gauges to ISO 965 tolerance class 6g.
3. ![Baskets of bolts staged for heat treatment](https://engineeringhardware.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/05-heat-treatment-baskets-black-bolts.webp) 03 **Heat treatment** Quench-and-temper brings carbon and alloy steel to the property class ordered — 8.8, 10.9 or 12.9 — with the furnace charge tracked so a finished lot can be traced back to it. Core hardness and tensile tested per lot to ISO 898-1.
4. ![Zinc plated bolts in a treatment basket](https://engineeringhardware.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/08/23-zinc-plated-bolts-treatment-basket.webp) 04 **Surface treatment** Zinc, zinc-nickel, hot-dip galvanizing, black oxide, phosphate and Dacromet, selected against the service environment rather than against the price list. Coating thickness and neutral salt spray hours to ISO 9227.

## Frequently Asked Questions

### Is Property Class 8.8 Steel prone to hydrogen embrittlement?

Class 10.9 and above can be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement when electroplated. Specify post-plating baking, or use mechanical-zinc / zinc-flake finishes which avoid the cathodic plating step.

### Which finish is best for outdoor One-Way Security Screws?

For outdoor service in steel, hot-dip galvanizing gives the longest life; zinc-flake (Geomet/Delta-Tone family) gives a thinner film with excellent salt-spray performance; standard zinc plating is the lowest-cost option for general indoor / shielded outdoor use.

### What's the service temperature limit for Property Class 8.8 Steel?

The practical service range is commonly limited to approx. +300 °C; confirm against the coating and the load.

### Can Property Class 8.8 Steel replace stainless steel structurally?

No — stainless A2/A4 cannot match class 10.9 / 12.9 strength. Stainless is selected for corrosion, not raw strength.

### How do I request a quotation?

Use the technical drawing on this page to pick the exact configuration, then submit it with the quote form. We respond within one business day.

## Related Pages

[View the full One-Way Security Screws page](https://engineeringhardware.com/fastener/one-way-security-screws/)

### More One-Way Security Screws Guides