Grade 12.9 Steel General Flat Washer are stocked to GB/T 97.1 / ISO 7089. The grade provides requires plating or black-oxide protection and is magnetic; the practical service range is up to approx. +300 °C. Property data, grade comparison and the full size table follow.
Why Choose Grade 12.9 Steel for General Flat Washer — GB/T 97.1 / ISO 7089 (Series 087)
The highest common strength class, for high-load machine assembly. For general flat washer — gb/t 97.1 / iso 7089 (series 087), this matters when requires plating or black-oxide protection is the primary requirement.
Mechanical & Physical Properties
| Grade designation | class 12.9 |
|---|---|
| Magnetic response | Magnetic |
| Service temperature | up to approx. +300 °C |
| Corrosion characteristic | Requires plating or black-oxide protection |
Corrosion Behavior in Service
Carbon and alloy steel general flat washer — gb/t 97.1 / iso 7089 (series 087) require a coating for corrosion protection. Zinc plating (with or without passivation) is the most common; hot-dip galvanizing is used for outdoor structural service; black-oxide is mainly a tarnish-prevention finish for tool-room use.
Galvanic & Galling Considerations
For general flat washer — gb/t 97.1 / iso 7089 (series 087) in steel, the dominant compatibility issue is hydrogen embrittlement at high property classes (10.9 and above) when electroplated. Plating must be followed by an appropriate baking treatment, or a non-electroplated finish (mechanical zinc, zinc flake) should be substituted.
Sizes of General Flat Washer — GB/T 97.1 / ISO 7089 (Series 087) Available in Grade 12.9 Steel
| For bolt size | Inner diameter d1 (mm) | Outer diameter d2 (mm) | Thickness t (mm) | Reference standard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| M3 | 3.2 | 7.0 | 0.5 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M4 | 4.3 | 9.0 | 0.8 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M5 | 5.3 | 10.0 | 1.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M6 | 6.4 | 12.0 | 1.6 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M8 | 8.4 | 16.0 | 1.6 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M10 | 10.5 | 20.0 | 2.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M12 | 13.0 | 24.0 | 2.5 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M14 | 15.0 | 28.0 | 2.5 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M16 | 17.0 | 30.0 | 3.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M18 | 19.0 | 34.0 | 3.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M20 | 21.0 | 37.0 | 3.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M24 | 25.0 | 44.0 | 4.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M30 | 31.0 | 56.0 | 4.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |
| M36 | 37.0 | 66.0 | 5.0 | ISO 7089 / GB/T 97.1 |